Business Journalism in India - 26104 Words

Business and Magazine Journalism (combination of Niche I and II) 1 Growing importance of business journalism, a brief history (2) 2 The structure of financial management in the country starting with the Finance Minister, (5) rest of the bureaucracy, RBI governor, Planning Commission, SEBI, Banking sector 3 The Budget preparation and presentation, factors influencing the annual budget, role of (5) subsidies and foreign exchange reserves 4 Companies, balance sheets, AGMs window dressing of balance sheets, the loopholes (the case of Satyam) (5) 5 Stock exchange, Sensex and its ups and downs, need for stricter monitoring, how to (5) cover Stock Exchanges, qualities of a good stock exchange reporter 6 Ethics for†¦show more content†¦Therefore, the industry will deliver. * The India Media Business by Vanita Kohli Khandekar * Milestones in business reporting * The liberalisation process of 1991 * Prior to this business dailies were like government PR vehicles and there were no regulators like SEBI * It was a regulated regime and there was a ‘license raj’ * India was cocooned economy where flying was a luxury * Journalists also carried a Nehruvian Socialist sort of legacy * 1969: Banks were nationalised * 1976: Emergency was imposed * 1991: Indian economic reforms were initiated * Harshad Mehta Scam in 1993 * The Indian stock market and investor saw a frenzy * The Indian middle-class saw new avenues of making money. Broking firms came into being at a large scale * The panwallahs were also discussing the stock market * Corporates then became more proactive and felt the need to communicate * Contd.. * UTI scam * Satellite Television in 1993 * Telecom Revolution * Internet * These coupled with the economic reforms brought about a revolution in media as well. * There were no dedicated journalism courses * Business journalists were typically Economic background students, bankers, analysts etc * * Business India in 1978–first Indian business magazine launched by Ashok Advani * 1978Show MoreRelatedMobile Phones Has Changed The Way Of Communications1455 Words   |  6 Pagescommentator and author on new and social media, has called the mobile phone the â€Å"7th Mass Media.† He notes, â€Å"Differing from the internet, mobile as the 7th mass media channel is similar to the five legacy mass media, economically viable with a stable business model from day one. 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Heart of Darkness, by Joseph Conrad and The Rime of the...

Marlow and the Mariner in Heart of Darkness and The Rime of the Ancient Mariner are both morally ambiguous characters with many similarities. Each embarks on a great journey in which their character is tested numerous times. Their trials lead to many profound revelations about humanity, which are explored in ways only possible because of their hazy morality. At the start of their adventures, both Marlow and the Mariner were only sailors looking for adventure and fortune. The motivations for their actions were simple; Marlow was â€Å"lost in all the glories of exploration† (pg. 13), and the Mariner was only seeking to avoid a storm. But each would be changed in profound ways by their journeys, in great part due to their ambiguous†¦show more content†¦His decision to continue no matter what caused him to wait quite a while for the rivets necessary to begin his journey down the river and the helmsman to die in the barrage of the natives before ever reaching Kurtz. But it was the same traits that allowed him to analyze the true nature of the lawless environment and of the people in it, as in his â€Å"suspicion of† the natives’ â€Å"not being inhuman† (pg. 37). The adventures of Marlow and the Mariner ended with profound revelations. After he unconsciously blessed the snakes, he was returned to his homeland by a higher power. But he had â€Å"penance more† (l. 410) to do for his actions. Upon returning, he found himself compelled to tell his story to those that needed to hear it, and to seek out new recipients of his story through long travels, teaching them all to respect all the creatures of the Earth. Upon finding Kurtz, Marlow was able to see the true significance of Kurtz’s transformation, being free from the hypocrisy of his crewmates. Kurtz, too, is tinged with moral ambiguity; he began as an upstanding, educated citizen, but even he couldn’t resist the corruption of an environment witho ut any restrictions on his actions. His lust for power and ivory consumed him, transforming him into a brutal, greedy man without respect for any kind of code. He thought of himself as a god. ButShow MoreRelatedBelonging Essay4112 Words   |  17 Pages†¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Carver, Raymond Cathedral in The stories of Raymond Carver AF Chabon, Michael The amazing adventures of Kavalier and Clay AF Clare, Monica Karobran: the story of an Aboriginal girl AF Conrad, Joseph The heart of darkness AF Cormier, Robert The chocolate war YA Cormier, Robert I am the cheese YA Courtenay, Bryce The power of one AF Dickens, Charles Oliver Twist AF JF Dickens, Charles Tale of two cities AF JF Dostoevsky, Fydor Crime and punishment

Overview Of Parental Involvement Studies Education Essay Free Essays

string(64) " be related to kids ‘s accomplishment \( Pomerantz et al\." Parent engagement in instruction either at school or at place is of import for kids. In the U.S Department of Education research publication Strong Families, Strong Schools ( 1994 ) the parent is called â€Å" a kid ‘s first and most of import instructor † ( p. We will write a custom essay sample on Overview Of Parental Involvement Studies Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2 ) . In the first 18 old ages of life, a pupil merely spends 13 per centum of the waking, potentially-educative clip in school go forthing the other 87 per centum under nominal control of the parents ( Walberg, 1984a ) . Parents, therefore, control over 6 times more potentially educative hours than the school and offer a comparatively big and incompletely tapped resource for bettering academic accomplishment ( Graue, Weinstein A ; Walberg 1983 ) . Parents are different from one to another, both in their relationship with their ain kids and their feelings or reactions towards schooling of their kids. They have their ain backgrounds, their ain concerns, their ain troubles with relationships and their ain tensenesss. Some parents are better able to associate to their kids than others. Some are warm and back uping, others may be rejecting or even negligent. Some parents are intelligent, competent people ; others may be uneducated, nonreader, and unable to hold on the significance of st ate of affairss affecting their kids, even though they love them ( Grolnick A ; Ryan, 1989 ) . This chapter seeks to reexamine surveies on parental home-based engagement and kids ‘s academic accomplishment. The focal point is on assorted specific variables of parents ‘ home-based engagement that are conducive factors to kids ‘s academic accomplishment. This chapter is divided into seven different parts: ( 1 ) Part one: debut ; ( 2 ) Part two defines ( I ) parents ‘ home-based engagement and ( two ) academic accomplishment ; ( 3 ) portion three presents the overview of parental engagement surveies ; ( 4 ) Part four nowadayss function of households in kids ‘s schooling ; ( 5 ) portion five nowadayss parental home-based engagement and academic accomplishment ; ( 6 ) portion six describes act uponing factors on academic accomplishment including household size, economic position of the household, and parent ‘s instruction ; ( 7 ) portion seven presents the relationship between parents ‘ home-based engagement variables and kids ‘s acad emic accomplishment including ( I ) the relationship between prep engagement and kids ‘s academic accomplishment, ( two ) the relationship between monitoring of telecasting screening and kids ‘s academic accomplishment and ( three ) the relationship between larning installations in the place and kids ‘s academic accomplishment. 2.2 Definition 2.2.1 Parents ‘ home-based engagement Parents ‘ home-based engagement was defined by Nayarko ( 2010 ) , â€Å" Parental engagement in the acquisition activities of their kids at home-that is parental place engagement. It refers to the school-related activities, actions, and behaviors that perform at place that impact on the academic success of the kids. It includes activities such as assisting kids with their prep, treatment with the kids about their school advancement, proviso of words of encouragement, etc. † ( p.340 ) In other words, parents ‘ home-based engagement was defined by Pomerantz A ; Moorman ( 2007 ) as â€Å" parents ‘ patterns related to school that take topographic point outside of school, normally, though non ever, in the place † ( p.375 ) . In this survey, parents ‘ home-based engagement shall be operationally defined as prep engagement, monitoring of telecasting screening, and larning installations in the place. 2.2.2Academic accomplishment Academic accomplishment was defined by two footings. 1. Academic – it contains to school topics or to Fieldss of broad humanistic disciplines or to the domain of thoughts and abstraction. 2. Achievement – it was denoted by cognition attained or accomplishments developed by students normally in the schools, measured by trial tonss or by Markss assigned by instructors. Academic accomplishment was defined as cognition required and accomplishments developed in school topics, by and large indicated by Markss obtained in trials in an one-year scrutiny ( Sunitha, 2005 ) . Academic accomplishment, in this survey, is defined as the symbol obtained by a kid in an scrutiny. In this respect, kids ‘s academic accomplishment is measured in footings of the kids ‘s public presentation as reflected in the one-year tonss, which were provided by the 2nd and 3rd class instructors with the blessing of the school principal. The academic classs of the pupils for one academic twelvemonth in 11 topics were aggregated and mean mark was used to define their educational or academic accomplishment. These topics are mathematics, Khmer literature, societal surveies ( moral and civic instruction, geographics, history and place economic sciences ) , scientific discipline ( natural philosophies, chemical science, biological science and Earth scientific discipline ) and physical instruction. 2.3 Overview of parental engagement surveies The first research in the country of parental engagement and academic accomplishment day of the months back to the early 1900 ‘s. E.C. Brooks, in 1916, conducted the first known survey of the effects of parental engagement on academic accomplishment ( Cooper, Lindsay A ; Nye, 2000 ) . After questioning 268 4th, 5th, and 6th pupils, Brooks concluded â€Å" where parents are capable of steering the kid and are inclined to oversee the place survey, their kids win in school. But where the parents are illiterate or for other grounds are unable to oversee the place survey, their kids as a regulation either do slow advancement or are failures † ( as cited in Cooper et al. , 2000 ) . Since 1916, schools and society have both changed dramatically, but the implicit in findings of this survey are consistent with modern-day research. Numerous surveies have concluded that parental engagement in school is straight related to academic accomplishment. Research has overpoweringly shown that kids are more likely to hold higher academic accomplishment degrees and improved behavior when households are involved in the kid ‘s instruction ( Bryan, 2005 ) . Harmonizing to the categorization proposed by Pomerantz et Al. ( 2007 ) , parents ‘ academic engagement is a many-sided concept that includes both home-based and school-based engagement. School-based engagement has been defined as parents ‘ collaborating with the kindergarten or school. It has been shown that school-based engagement enhances societal operation and decreases job behavior ( El Nokali Bachman A ; Votruba-Drzal, 2010 ) . However, it does non straight predict alterations in accomplishment. Home-based engagement, on the other manus, refers to parents ‘ engagement in their kids ‘s school-related activities at place, and has been shown to be related to kids ‘s accomplishment ( Pomerantz et al. You read "Overview Of Parental Involvement Studies Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" , 2007 ; Jeynes, 2005 ) . Parents ‘ home-based engagement ; that is, parental behavior in advancing kids ‘s academic development, can be seen to s tand for what Morrison ( 2009 ) refer to as larning environment. Harmonizing to ( Foster, Lambert, Abbott-Shim, McCarty A ; Franze, 2005 ; Hart A ; Risley, 1995 ; NICHD ECCRN,2003 ) , the place acquisition environment describes the educational quality of the scene parents set up for their kids, including entree to larning stuffs ( e.g. , books and playthings, battle in larning activities in the place and community ( e.g. , shared reading ; co-viewing educational telecasting plans ; trips to a museum or menagerie ) , and positive acquisition behaviors ( e.g. , parent reading in forepart of kid ) . In add-on, In 1988 Ascher mentioned that home-based acquisition activities were one of the most effectual and efficient ways for parents to pass clip with their kids. Harmonizing to the U.S Department of Education ( 1994 ) , kids ‘s acquisition and behaviors are enhanced when households 1 ) read together, 2 ) usage Television sagely, 3 ) set up a day-to-day modus operandi, 4 ) agend a daily prep times, 5 ) proctor out-of-school activities, 6 ) talk with their kids, 7 ) communicate positive values, and 8 ) express high outlooks and offer congratulations and encouragement for accomplishment. Based on these old surveies, some specific facets of parental home-based engagement ( homework engagement, monitoring of telecasting screening, and larning installations in the place ) were developed as a conceptual model for this survey as presented in Figure 1 since they affect kids ‘s academic accomplishment ; moreover, they are the most appropriate facets to be studied in the country. Figure 1 Parents ‘ home-based engagement and its relation to kids ‘s academic accomplishment 2.4 The function of households in kids ‘s schooling The place is really germane and important to a kid ‘s well being and development in ulterior life. Family is the primary cell of society where the kid ‘s upbringing must get down since birth, still in cradle. Harmonizing to Bronfenbrenner A ; Ceci, 1994 ; Sameroff, 1994, in order to help and back up their kids in their attempts to run intoing the demands of school, parents need to hold knowledge about their kids ‘s schooling and entree to resources to help them. Since household is the first establishment through which kids learn who they are, where they fit into society, and what sorts of hereafters they are likely to see or hold, it can non be neglected in our effort to develop the kid. Therefore, it is really indispensable for the environment within which they are raised or reared to supply the conditions that are needed to develop their innate features. The kid is non ever in the place environment, but at times in the school, it would be worthwhile if parents li aise with the governments of the school to guarantee a proper and digesting development of the kid. Grace, Jethro A ; Aina ( 2012 ) shows that household whose kids are making good in school exhibit the undermentioned characters: aˆ? Establish a day-to-day household modus operandi by supplying clip and a quiet topographic point to analyze with kids and delegating duty for house clasp jobs. aˆ? Monitor out-of-school activities, for illustration puting bounds on telecasting observation, cut down clip of playing, and supervise the group of friends the students walk with. aˆ? Encourage kids ‘s development and advancement in school ; that is keeping a warm and supportive place, demoing involvement in kids ‘s advancement at school, assisting him or her with prep, discoursing the value of a good instruction and future calling with kids ( p.197 as cited in Harderves, 1998 ) When schools work together with households to back up acquisition, kids tend to win non merely in school, but throughout life. In fact the most accurate forecaster of a pupil ‘s accomplishment in school is non income or societal position, but the extent to which that pupil ‘s household is able to make a place environment that encourages larning and to show high outlooks for their kids ‘s hereafter callings and become involved in their kids ‘s instruction at schools and in the place ( Grace, Jethro A ; Aina, 2012 ) . 2.5 Parental home-based engagement and academic accomplishment The effectivity of instruction has traditionally been measured by kids ‘s academic public presentation or academic accomplishment operationalised as kids ‘s classs or GPA. Walberg, Schiller, and Hartel ( 1979 ) assert that educational stimulation by parents in the place can account for every bit much as 50 per centum of the difference in classs and trial tonss among pupils. The belief that effectual parental engagement within the place environment will interpret into academic success has spurred the development of legion school-based plans aimed at increasing the educationally stimulating quality of the place. In 1983, Graue et Al. reviewed 29 controlled surveies of simple school-based plans to find whether parent preparation plans were effectual or whether success was attributed because these plans selectively attracted competent households or bright kids. A quantitative synthesis led them to reason that school-based place direction plans have big positive effects on pupil ‘s academic acquisition with an mean consequence size twice that of socio-economic position. Hickman et Al. ( 1995 ) provided grounds about the efficaciousness of home-based parent engagement schemes. Using structured interview format, these research workers examined the relationship between pupils ‘ accomplishment in high school and different types of parent engagement. Of the seven types of parent engagement examined, merely home-based parent engagement was found to hold a positive linkage with pupil class point norm ( GPA ) . Fehrmann et Al. ( 1987 ) and Keith et Al. ( 1986 ) examined informations from the monolithic High School and Beyond sample of 28,051 seniors to find the direct and indirect effects of prep, telecasting screening, and pupils ‘ perceptual experience of parent engagement ( in day-to-day life, school advancement, and influence on station high school programs ) . They found the pupils ‘ perceptual experience of parent engagement in their life was positively correlated with the classs of school seniors but non with their accomplishment on standardised trials. Other research worker, nevertheless, have identified a positive connexion between pupils ‘ tonss on standardised trials and parent attempts within the place. Revicki ( 1981 ) , utilizing a sample of 2nd grade pupils from two geographically different schools, found a correlativity between pupils ‘ reading accomplishment and household outlooks and proviso of linguistic communication stimulation and home-based educational/reading activities. Overall, some research workers found a positive correlativity between parental home-based engagement and pupils ‘ classs, while others found a positive connexion between parental home-based engagement and pupils ‘ tonss on standardised trials. 2.6 Influencing factors on academic accomplishment Size of household, economic position of the household, instruction of parents may hold an impact on the academic achievement degree of students. 2.6.1Family size Child from big households are non likely to have the same sum or the same type of verbal stimulation from grownups which kids from smaller households obtain and accordingly, kids from big households tend to make less good academically. The ground could be that kids from big households are improbable to take full advantage of educational chances provided and therefore resulted in retardation in school. Chatterji et Al. ( 1972 ) made an effort to analyze the effects of household size on academic accomplishment of the kids. The sample consisted of 230 pupils both male childs and misss reading in category VI and category VII in eight Bengali schools in Calcutta. The pupils were divided into high, medium and low rational ability groups. Entire Markss obtained in the one-year scrutiny were taken as step of accomplishment. The consequences showed that household size and the figure of siblings were reciprocally related to the scholastic accomplishment of the kids particularly in low rational degree. Same tendency was observed when Mathur and Hudal ( 1972 ) conducted a survey to happen the relationship between the size of household and academic accomplishment of the kids. The sample consisted of 100 pupils analyzing in category Ten in a high school in Amrutsar. The consequences revealed a negative correlativity between the size of the household and academic accomplishment which indicated t hat bigger the household lower was the accomplishment. Similarly, Cherians ( 1990 ) conducted a survey on household size and academic accomplishment of kids. The sample consisted of 369 male childs and 652 misss in the age scope of 13 to 17 old ages old that represented entire 7 standard population in Transkei. The Markss obtained by the students at the 7 standard external scrutiny conducted by the Department of Education of the Government of Transkei was taken. The consequences revealed a negative relationship between household size of the kids and their academic accomplishment. Poonam and Balda ( 2001 ) revealed that household size was negatively correlated with IQ of kids. Above surveies indicate that kids from little size households compared to larger households are academically good. 2.6.2 Economic position of the household Children live in different environment ; that is, some kids live in hapless households, whereas some live in good to make households. They have different cognitive abilities, competency and accomplishments, which affects on their academic public presentation in school. Many research workers carried out their surveies on the relationship between economic position of the household and pupils ‘ academic accomplishment and showed different consequences. Chatterji et Al. ( 1972 ) survey revealed that economic conditions of the household had no consequence upon the scholastic accomplishment of kids in all the three viz. , high, medium and low rational ability groups. Besides, Sood ‘s ( 1990 ) studied on academic accomplishment of pre-engineering pupils in relation to socio-economic position. A limited sample consisted of 120 pupils of pre-engineering category from four colleges of Ambala were picked up by the way. In this survey academic accomplishment was taken as Markss obtained by the topics in their concluding scrutiny in pre-university/higher secondary. Kuppuswamy ‘s socio-economic graduated table ( urban ) from B for mensurating socio-economic position was used. The consequences showed that there was no important relationship between academic accomplishment and socio-economic position. However, Mathur and Hundal ( 1972 ) indicated that the one-year household income bore merely a moderate correlativity with academic accomplishment. Saini ‘s ( 1977 ) survey consequences revealed a positive correlativity between academic accomplishment and economic position of parents. Further, Wangoo and Khan ( 1991 ) carried out a survey to happen out whether the pupils from authorities and private schools differed significantly with regard to their socio-economic position and academic accomplishment was concerned. The sample consisted of 180 female pupils from 10 authorities and ten private schools within the age group of 13+ were selected from Srinagar. Kapoor ‘s pupil ‘s graduated table was administered and the mean of two one-year scrutiny consequences was considered as the standard for the academic accomplishment. The consequences revealed that authorities and private school pupils differed significantly. So for as their socio-economic position was concerned i mportant difference on academic accomplishment found between pupils from private and authorities schools. The relationship between academic accomplishment and socio-economic position when computed on entire sample was statistically important. Similarly, Gill and Sidhu ( 1988 ) reported that socio-economic position of parents influences the school public presentation of the pupils. 2.6.3 Parent ‘s instruction Of the assorted place conditions, parent ‘s educational attainment is critical so far as the academic accomplishment of the kids is concerned. The general difference towards instruction of the uneducated parents frequently put the kid in a place of disability for rational growing and development. Burt ( 1961 ) observed that such a kid can a small in his place, because his parents know amazingly small of any life except their ain and have neither clip nor the leisure, neither the ability nor the temperament to leave what small they know. Educated parents in general are likely to happen themselves relatively in better economic status and this consequence in greater stuffs supports for the instruction of their kids. Bhatnagar and Sharma ( 1992 ) carried out a research to look into the relationship between instruction of parents and academic accomplishment of pupils in semirural scene. A sum of 85 pupils of Rajasthan metropolis were related. The consequences revealed that the kids whose parents attended school performed higher academic public presentation than the kids whose parents did non go to the school. This indicates parental instruction was significantly related to the academic accomplishment of pupils. Likewise, Chakrabarti ( 1986 ) conducted a survey with100 male childs selected indiscriminately from English medium schools in Pune and found that the kids whose parents were extremely educated and involved in their survey had better public presentation in both school scrutinies and accomplishment trials than those whose parents were rich but less educated and non involved in their kids day-to-day activities and surveies. Furthermore, in their survey Chatterji et Al. ( 1972 ) showed that parent ‘s educational degree was straight related to the scholastic accomplishment of their kids. Similarly, Mathur and Hudal ( 1972 ) revealed a positive correlativity between parent ‘s educational degree and academic accomplishment of the kids. Krishnan ( 1977 ) conducted a survey on 180 pupils from 6th to 9th analyzing in cardinal school, Tirupati. The sample was divided into 3 groups depending on their parent ‘s instruction every bit high, in-between and low groups. The consequences showed that parent ‘s educational position had important influence on the academic accomplishment of the kids. From the above surveies it can be concluded that parent ‘s educational degree has a important consequence on the academic accomplishment of the kids. Higher the degree of the parents, higher was the school accomplishment of the kids. 2.7 The relationship between parents ‘ home-based engagement and kids ‘s academic accomplishment Based on the conceptual model on parental home-based engagement developed in ( clause 2.3 ) , the empirical research related to the relationship between different types of parental home-based engagement and kids ‘s academic accomplishment will be reviewed. This subdivision is divided into three chief classs as followers: the relationship between prep engagement and kids ‘s academic accomplishment, the relationship between monitoring of telecasting screening and kids ‘s academic accomplishment and the relationship between larning installations in the place and kids ‘s academic accomplishment. 2.7.1 The relationship between prep engagement and kids ‘s academic accomplishment The pattern of delegating prep is non a new phenomenon. The history of prep has been marked by several epochs. Holler and Lovelace ( 2001 ) define prep as any undertakings that are assigned by instructors and intend to be carried out during nonschool hours. Originally, prep was assigned as a penalty to pupils and was based on recitation. In the 1950s, pedagogues incorporated prep into the course of study as a manner of widening acquisition. But in the sixtiess, pedagogues decreased the sum of prep to pupils in fright that excessively much prep would do mental emphasis. The educational reform motion of the seventiess caused pedagogues to re-examine pupils larning, and it was established that increased prep consequences in improved pupil accomplishment ( Holler A ; Lovelace, 2001 ) . In schools today, prep is used to obtain three chief ends: academic accomplishment, improved duty, and parental engagement ( Holler A ; Lovelace, 2001 ) . It is by and large agreed that pupils benefit wh en their parents get involved in their prep procedure. Empirical findings sing the impact of parental engagement in kids ‘s prep, nevertheless, are assorted. On the one manus, Hoover-Dempsey et Al ( 2001 ) reviewed the research on prep and found: ( a ) parents ‘ engagement in prep took many signifiers, from set uping constructions for prep to direct direction on content and acquisition schemes ; ( B ) parents ‘ engagement appeared to act upon pupil academic accomplishment through back uping the development of attitudes and properties ( e.g. , motive and self-regulation ) that support acquisition. For case, Patall, Cooper A ; Robison ( 2008 ) have conducted the probe of parent engagement in prep. From a meta-analysis of 22 samples from 20 surveies correlates parent engagement and accomplishment. They found that puting regulations about when and where prep should be done has the strongest positive relationship with accomplishment. Puting regulations besides entails clearly pass oning outlooks, supplying guidelines and reenforcing behavior when regulations are followed. This scheme may be a peculiarly effectual manner to increas e the clip pupils attend to homework undertaking or the effectivity of how clip is used. They besides found that direct engagement assistance, which involves the parents giving feedback on prep truth or tutoring and giving direction about the content of prep, is positively related. Xu and Corno ( 2003 ) suggested that â€Å" household aid with prep † was related to middle school pupils ‘ behaviors of set uping larning environments and commanding emotions. Besides, there is apparent that prep improves accomplishment for high school ( Keith, 1982 ) , in-between school ( Keith et al. , 1993 ) and simple school pupils ( Paschal, Weinstein, A ; Walberg, 1984 ) . Its positive influence extends to both standardized trial mark ( Walberg, Paschal, A ; Weinstein, 1985 ) and classs ( Natrillo A ; McDill, 1986 ) . And some research workers report positive between parental engagement with prep and school accomplishment. Epstein ( 1983 ) , in a longitudinal survey with interior me tropolis pupils, found prep activities ( naming to child and promoting A ; assisting in prep ) produce important additions over clip, particularly in reading. Causal theoretical accounts by Keith et Al. ( 1986 ; 1993 ) with senior and eight class samples besides suggest a positive relationship between parents ‘ engagement with prep and pupil accomplishment although the consequence is indirect with parent influence strongly increasing the clip spent on prep which in bend additions accomplishment. On the other manus, parental engagement in prep is frequently found to correlate negatively with pupil accomplishment. For case, Bembenutty ( 2006 ) found that self-regulated acquisition ( such as self-efficacy, attempt ordinance, and intrinsic motive ) was a positive forecaster of math accomplishments as measured by the standardised trial, but parental engagement in prep ( frequence of look intoing prep and offering aid ) was found to be negatively related to math accomplishment of 10th class high school pupils. In their survey, Patall, Cooper A ; Robinson ( 2008 ) found that supervising prep involved look intoing that prep is completed is negatively related to accomplishment. Weger ( 1993 ) besides found a negative correlativity between the sum of clip parents spent straight oversing their kids ‘s prep and their kids ‘s classs and accomplishment. Cooper ( 1989 ) has conducted the most extended probe of the relationship between prep and academic accomplishment. From a m eta-analysis of 120 empirical surveies, he found that although there is a correlativity between prep and achievement the effects are really grade-level particular. The mean high school pupil with prep would out-perform 69 % of no-homework pupils, in junior high school the effects would merely behalf as strong, and in simple school there would be no consequence on accomplishment. Cooper discovered similar form when he examined the optimum clip a pupil should pass on prep. In simple school there is no relationship between prep clip and accomplishment, in junior high the accomplishment improved until the assignment lasted between one and two hours a dark and in high school the accomplishment effects continued above two hours a dark. Overall, the research to day of the month suggests that prep has positive influence on academic accomplishment with its effects going stronger as pupils progress in school. Parent engagement with prep appears to be an effectual manner to raise pupil accomplishment, chiefly because of its influence on clip variables. Correlation research, nevertheless, will non ever demo its positive consequence because parents may go involved with prep as a response to already bing accomplishment jobs. 2.7.2 The relationship between monitoring of telecasting screening and kids ‘s academic accomplishment The sum of clip kids spend watching telecasting varies from one to another. Television screening has been demonstrated to hold a little negative consequence on pupil accomplishment ( Fan A ; Chen, 2001 ) , although its impact on academic accomplishment may be complex and depends on types of scheduling and sum of clip spent on watching Television ( Thompson A ; Austin, 2003 ) . Nary ( 2004 ) tested the waies for the influence of Television sing on academic accomplishment utilizing informations from the 1997 Child Development Supplement ( CDS ) and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics ( PSID ) . The consequences suggest that Television screening hindered academic accomplishment non merely by cut downing the clip pupils spent on prep, analyzing and reading for leisure but besides by increasing their mental passiveness and impulsiveness. In add-on, the hypothesis that telecasting sing stimulated academic accomplishment was non supported. Fetler ( 1984 ) conducted a research with the capable base of 10,000 simple school pupils, in a survey of telecasting screening and academic accomplishment, to find the factors that influenced academic accomplishment. Television screening was measured by the sum of clip kids spent watching telecasting and the academic accomplishment was measured by mathematical ability and written look. The consequences indicated that sing telecasting for more than four hours a twenty-four hours was associated with lower accomplishment for all pupils. He besides found that kids improved in academic accomplishment with the mid scope of telecasting screening, but merely when telecasting screening was moderate ( 1-2 hours ) . Reviewing literature from the last 25 old ages sing the impact of telecasting sing on pupil accomplishment and necessary behaviors for school success, Thompson and Austin ( 2003 ) concluded that moderate degrees of meaningful and supervised telecasting screening may be better for k ids than excessively much or no screening at all. In their surveies, Williams, Haertel, Haertel and Walberg ( 1982 ) investigated the relationship between leisure telecasting screening and accomplishment. Their synthesis of 23 empirical surveies found a curvilineal relationship between telecasting screening and accomplishment with positive effects happening for up to ten hours of hebdomad. Beyond this, the effects seem to be progressively negative, particularly for misss and high ability pupils. Overall, telecasting sing appears to hold a little, negative relationship with school accomplishment. A survey by Keith et Al. ( 1986 ) besides found a little negative relationship between telecasting screening and academic accomplishment but their research does non bespeak a curvilineal form for optimum screening clip. Consistent with the earlier survey, high ability pupils are more adversely affected. In 1993, Keith et Al. found that parent engagement additions homework which decreases telecasting clip. In contrast, the high degrees of unsupervised mindless telecasting screening, particularly when it is done in stead of day-to-day reading or other academic stimulation, can hold the possible to exercise harmful effects on accomplishment ( Thompson and Austin, 2003 ) . Although telecasting sing did non look to hold a important impact on educational accomplishment, Keith et Al. ( 1993 ) suggests that parental engagement can actuate pupils to pass clip on more educationally productive activities. Clark, et al. , ( 1978 ) found that sing wonts typically increases throughout simple school old ages, and decreases during high school old ages. The old ages right before and after adolescence are the more opportune times to determine Television sing wonts. From these positions, parent puting bounds on kids ‘s telecasting screening clip or scene regulations about Television is necessary. The research conducted by Ridley-Johnson, Cooper A ; Chance ( 1982 ) suggests that when parents set regulation about telecasting their kids have higher reading, math and ability tonss. Similarly, a more recent survey by Fan A ; Williams ( 2010 ) , analyzing whether assorted elements of parental engagement predicted 10th grade pupils ‘ motive utilizing informations from the Educational Longitudinal Study of 2002 ( ELS 2002 ) , showed that household regulations at place like the regulations for watching telecasting positively predicted pupil ‘s academic battle and intrinsic motive i n both English and mathematics. As parents limit their kids ‘s entree to telecasting, it is possible that kids will pass more clip prosecuting in constructive acquisition activities that they enjoy and therefore heightening their intrinsic motive and battle towards faculty members. Patrick ( 1991 ) besides discovered that higher school societal surveies achievement is associated with â€Å" limited telecasting screening. † In decision, moderate telecasting screening does non look to hold a strong negative consequence on educational accomplishment. Nevertheless, parent monitoring of telecasting screening is advantageous as it can guarantee that sing does non replace other activities which have more good results. 2.7.3 The relationship between larning installations in the place and kids ‘s academic accomplishment Home acquisition environment is one of the favorable conditions for kids ‘s instruction. Lustberg ( 1998 ) suggested that it is of import that parents can supply an appropriate topographic point where kids can work at place. Besides, parents must supervise prep clip and do certain pupils have an atmosphere conducive to analyzing and forming their clip and duty. Saunders ( N.D ) found that parents pass more clip assisting their kids with prep and undertakings when there is both designated clip and topographic point for the kid to analyze. In a high-quality place acquisition environment, health professionals foster kids ‘s communicating accomplishments and cognitive development by supplying them with educational drama stuffs and prosecuting them in activities that facilitate acquisition. Harmonizing to the parent investing theoretical account ( Mayer, 1997 ) , kids ‘s success depends on the clip, money, energy, and back up their parents put in the kids ‘s â€Å" human capital † every bit good as cultural gifts, such as the value parents topographic point on instruction through their modeling of larning behaviors and battle in larning activities. The money households spend on their kids through the buying of playthings, books, and larning stuffs for the place, and the clip spent prosecuting kids in larning activities, are investings that contribute to a high-quality place acquisition environment. Melhuish et al. , ( 2008 ) examined the relationship between place acquisition environment and literacy and numeracy development in 2,875 kids who participated in a longitudinal survey from ages three to seven old ages. It was found that place acquisition environment was positively related to academic accomplishment. In another survey, Duthilleul ( 1997 ) examined how parental patterns were associated with accomplishment in reading comprehension among 4th graders in Montevideo, Uruguay public school. This survey found that one of the most consistent effects on pupil accomplishment in the literacy accomplishments is the effects of presence of a literacy environment at place ; pupils who have more books and school stuffs available at place tend to hold higher reading accomplishment tonss because they have more chances to larn, experience and develop literacy-related accomplishments. A more recent survey by Altschul ( 2011 ) examined the relationship between six signifiers of parental engagement in instruction and young person ‘s academic results. By utilizing of course representative informations ( N= 1,609 ) from National Education Longitude Survey, the survey found that parents ‘ payment for educational resources such as computing machine, typewriter, Atlass, books, pocket reckoner, day-to-day newspaper, magazines and dictionary in the place has a slightly greater impact on accomplishment than the other signifiers of engagement that parents spend clip engaging in enriching activities together and discoursing school-related affairs. Furthermore, Saunder ( N.D ) suggested that appropriate stuff is indispensable to student accomplishment. Harmonizing to Rasinski A ; Frederiks, 1988 A ; Zhang Carrasquillo, 1995, larning resources and chances available are of import factors in effectual place acquisition environment created by parents. The learning resources and stuffs help kids develop school-related accomplishments. In this type of larning environment, kids may experience at easiness when they work on jobs with their parents, and can frequently larn of course when their parents enable them to manage books at place. In 1996, Khare conducted a survey on place acquisition environment and academic accomplishment of simple school kids. The sample consisted of 212 pupils of in-between schools of Bhopal metropolis. Datas were analyzed by the aid of Product-Moment correlativity, t-test and analysis of discrepancy ( ANOVA ) for unequal cell sizes. The consequences showed important correlativity between place environment and accomplishment in misss and male childs. There is a important difference in school accomplishment of m ale childs and misss. It was besides found out that the effects of environment and gender on school accomplishment of pupil male childs were better than misss. In one survey ( NICHD, 2003 ) , the quality of place acquisition environment has been found to be a important forecaster of kids ‘s school preparedness accomplishments. Specially, kids with high-quality place acquisition environments show higher knowledge, linguistic communication, societal competency, motive to larn, attending and undertaking continuity than kids with low-quality place acquisition environments. Similarly, Fantuzzo, McWayne, Perry, and Childs ( 2004 ) observed that, in a low-income and urban sample, home-based household engagement in the autumn of preschool, characterized by actively advancing a place acquisition environment for kids ( e.g. , making a infinite for larning activities at place and supplying larning chances for the kid in the community ) , strongly predicted kids ‘s motive to larn, attending, undertaking continuity, receptive vocabulary accomplishments, and low behavior jobs later in the spring of preschool. From the above surveies it can be concluded that the quality of place acquisition environment has a slightly impact on kids ‘s academic accomplishment as it is the status for kids ‘s instruction. How to cite Overview Of Parental Involvement Studies Education Essay, Essay examples

Journal Operations Production Management -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Journal Operations Production Management? Answer: Introduction Quality of the management is one of the key concerns of all industries. As a result therefore, ISO 9000 was developed and introduced to provide the guidance and tools to the companies and organizations which have the focus of consistent production of goods and services that meet the requirements of the customers and also ascertaining for their improved quality. Popularity of ISO has increased in the past years for both small and big companies since it articulates how the management operations of the companies should be conducted. The international standards organizations ensure that all the products and services are designed and created in manner that they conform to the predetermined standards. More than 100 nations have adopted ISO 9000 in their companies management and quality assurance. This report is developed and aimed at meeting the following objectives; i) Determining the impact of adoption of ISO 9000 on the financial performance of a firm and ii) Determining the effects of certification with ISO 9000 on a firms management. Meeting these two stated objectives will help to clarify the understanding of impacts created by ISO 9000 and also the certification effects on the firms management. Literature review Numerous researches have been carried out around the globe concerning ISO 9000 since its invention and development on the effects and impact on business performance with the same results being arrived at. Different researches will therefore be reviewed in this report with various literatures portraying different framework and methods that are used to measure certification impact. Some of the studies have advocated that certification of ISO leads to improved financial performance. According (Chatzoglou et al, 2015), holistic overview by studies to cover all the components that can be seen to have effects and relationship on how the financial performance can be achieved can result to obtaining positive financial benefits. The impact of ISO certification can be indirectly measured to determine the financial performance of a company by using comprehensive conceptual framework. The impact of certification success is determined by the degree of certification effectiveness, this is accordin g to (Posmas et al, 2013). Operational performance is directly improved that have direct effect in increasing the financial performance though direct relationship might not be there between ISO and financial performance. According to (Ismyrlis Moschidis, 2015), they argued that external perspectives form the most important benefits of certification. This was so as obtained from evaluation of impacts of the implementation of ISO. Some of the most important benefits derived from ISO are external in nature that portray higher operational performance. Adoption of ISO 9000 in business was with the aim of adding quality and value to the management of the business. Incorporating and adopting ISO 9000 should be for development reasons to realize the optimum benefits other than when companies acquire it for non-developmental purposes, this will make them realize less benefits from it, this is according to (Papadimitriou Westerheijden, 2010). In response to that, companies are supposed to be evaluated depending on their objectives and categories separately to determine their benefits from ISO 9000 (Franceschini et al, 2010). When carrying out market differentiation strategy, certified companies by ISO 9000 show profit increase when operationalizing cost leadership strategy (Lafuente et al, 2010). The benefits derived from ISO 9000 certification are motivational factors that are significant in giving positive predictions. ISO has been undergoing updates to uphold the changes available in businesses environment and focus on quality impro vements. Compared to non-ISO companies, companies certified by ISO 9000 show higher levels of improvement in their practices (Zaramdini, 2007). Time has been a very important factor in almost all the activities carried out in any business operation. In regards to that, companies that had been certified for long period of time portray better improvements of TQM results. Companies certified in the recent past years with updated ISO 9000 of other versions enjoy more benefits with time as compared to their counterparts certified with traditional ISO 9000. Business financial performance improvement can be visualized and analyzed for ISO 9000 certified companies by applying 3 to 5 years of post-certified period (Chow-Chua et al, 2003). Companies and businesses of any size have adopted the ISO 9000 in their management (Bernardo et al, 2015). Process of ISO 9000 is not affected by the business or company size on the impacts it create to the business. All the factors determining the size of the company such as the number of employees do not show any evidence of becoming more likely to be certified since the size of the company does not have any effect in the relationship between the organization performance and implementation of ISO 9000 (Psomas et al, 2012). Certification of a company by ISO 9000 shows significant and positive effect on the companys operational performance. Among other benefits that are enjoyed by a firm are external benefits from ISO 9000 certification since they enable the companies to bid for tenders thus improving their performance. Methodology Emergence of ISO 9000 in 1980s have made the companies to acquire and adopt it for their quality management. The number had grown enormously for the companies that have adopted ISO 9000 in more than 100 countries. Questionnaires form one of the most used common type of survey methodology. The type of survey have experienced increase since after 1980s more so for the quality management in the area of operations management field. In this case census was carried out by National Bureau of Statistics of China on the service firms. There were a total of 5717 service firms that data were collected from which covered the entire population of the service firms in china. In order to accomplish this smoothly, the questionnaires were sent to all the firms where the relevant authorities (managers or the managing directors for smaller firms) provided all the provided details concerning their firms cutting across the number of employees, year of certification of the company, the year when the compa nies were found, sales of company and many more. All the companies in the region were then required to fill the questionnaires presented to them by the National Bureau of Statistics of China. The census method is expensive and time consuming since all the firms irrespective of their locations, they were to be reached since they formed part of the population (Hajian Domingo-Ferrer, 2013). No sampling method is applied in this case and therefore no information is left to chance for any of the service firms in the country. All the collected data were then entered in excel and the SPSS version 20 for the analysis of data. These two statistical software were used to represent the data in both tables and graphs for easy understanding and interpretation. Statistical tools that were used to derive the meaning from data were descriptive statistics and also inferential statistics. Census was used in the collection of data so that no service firm is left out and the entire population of service firms covered. This ensures that all the information that will be obtained from this kind of data will be a reality but not a representation from a proportion. The statistics that will be obtained will be population parameter that will stand as the point of reference for the sample data from this dataset for the future studies. These data can therefore be relied upon in the determination of impact of the adoption of ISO 9000 on the financial performance and the determination of the certification of the firms management with ISO 9000. Analysis and findings This is the part of the report that will help to derive meaning from the data as contained in the dataset and have the results presented for easy understanding. Both descriptive and inferential statistics will be presented in this part to quantify the information and easily draw conclusions on whether or not ISO 9000 had impact on the financial performance in the service firms. Descriptive statistics Table 1: Descriptive Statistics N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation l 5717 11 969 44.96 74.378 l_yjs 5717 0 161 1.38 5.688 l_benke 5717 0 530 11.85 28.453 l_dz 5717 0 490 12.92 24.306 l_gaozhong 5717 0 689 12.26 31.290 l_chuzhong 5717 0 568 6.54 25.980 revenue 5717 1000 869176 11698.57 32873.609 profit_operating 5717 17 296176 2067.97 7158.417 ksum 5717 1000 978548 16473.16 54666.560 equity 5717 -1367 877989 7693.77 31012.079 kpaid 5717 10 402110 4765.67 17120.175 kstate 5717 0 402110 1201.12 11264.936 koversea 5717 0 150000 348.87 4598.814 kother 5717 0 400000 3215.68 11765.554 ROS 5717 .01 .51 .1911 .12397 ROA 5717 .01 1.02 .2236 .20858 FDIpercent 5717 .00 1.00 .0245 .14937 agefirm 5717 2 61 7.62 7.074 Valid N (listwise) 5717 Among the censured companies, a companies that recorded the least number of employees had 11 employees while 969 is the highest number of employees recorded by other companies. The mean number of employees across all the companies 45 with a standard deviation of 74. In regards to level of education of the employees, some companies had no employees with either master or doctorate degree while others had a relatively big number of such employees at 161 with the mean and standard deviation being 1.38 and 5.688 respectively. As well, some companies were not having employees with bachelor degree as other had a total of 530 of such employees with their mean and standard deviation being 11.85 and 28.453 respectively. The highest number of employees with diploma recorded by companies was 490 as other companies recorded none of such employees and their mean and standard deviation in all the companies was 12.92 and 24.306 respectively. Employees with high school education in some companies was 689 with their mean and standard deviation being 12.26 and 31.290 respectively. Junior high school employees and below was maximum at 568 while other companies had no such employees and their standard deviation and mean being 25.980 and 6.54 respectively. Minimum sales recorded by the companies was 1000 while some companies recorded the maximum sales of 869176. The mean and standard deviation of the companies sales was 11698.57 and 32873.609 respectively. The least profit recorded by the companies was 17 dollars and maximum of 296176 with mean and standard deviation profit of 2067.97 and 7158.417 respectively. 1000 formed the least total assets other companies had while the maximum assets was recorded at 978548, the mean and standard deviation of the companies total assets was 16473.16 and 54666.560 respectively. The minimum equity of some companies was -1367 and other had highest equity at 877989 and the mean equity of the companies was 7693.77. The minimum total capital censured was 10 with a maximum of 402110 and the mean of 4765.67. Some companies received no capital from the government while others received as high as 402110 with the mean capital from the government being at 1201.12. The average capital that came from overseas to the companies was 348.87 but some companies never had overseas capital. Capital from other sources stood at 400000 in some companies and the average of 3215.68. Return on sales was as low as 0.01 in some companies and highest in other companies at 0.51 with the censured average being 0.1911. On the other hand, minimum recorded return on assets was 0.01 and the highest recorded was 1.02 with their average being 0.2236. Inferential statistics Hypothesis H0: There is no correlation between the sales of a company and the total number of employees a company has H1: There is correlation between the sales of a company and the total number of employees a company has. Correlations l revenue l Pearson Correlation 1 .471** Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 5717 5717 revenue Pearson Correlation .471** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 5717 5717 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). From the correlation testing, the significance value was less than p-value (.05) which therefore makes us reject the null hypothesis since the sales of the company showed weak correlation with Pearson correlation (r) being 0.471 thus showing that there was a weak relationship between the number of employees in a company and the sales a company makes. We then conclude that there was a relationship between sales of a company and the total number of employees a company has. Correlations certification revenue certification Pearson Correlation 1 .161** Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 5717 5717 revenue Pearson Correlation .161** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 5717 5717 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Though there is statistical significance in the test of relationship between certification of a company with ISO 9000 and sales of a company, the Pearson correlation value being 0.161 means that there was a weak positive relationship between the two tested variables. Discussion and managerial advises The size of a company is directly related to the number of employees a company has. Recording as low as 11 employees in a company means that there were small companies among the censured companies. The mean number of employees being 45 marketing that most of the censured companies were relatively big. Employees with all levels of education were represented in companies in various departments and positions that have not been revealed by the data in this report. Employees with master and doctor degrees were not mostly hired as compared to employees with other levels of education that showed means of 11.85, 12.92and 12.26 for bachelor, diploma and those with high school education respectively. Employees with junior high school or below were not also highly hired but their number in the companies was higher than that of master and doctor employees. Skilled employees have great impact in the contribution towards the achievement of a company or any business organization (Palpacuer et al, 2 011). As a result therefore, the managerial department is advised to stay keen on the skills and educational background of the employees. Having more number of employees with low education level and less skills would be detrimental to the management and performance of the company. From the taste of hypothesis about the correlation between the number of employees and sales of a company, a significant relationship was recorded. From this therefore, the number of employees in a company should be considered by the management and regulated not to be too high or too low but at a good ratio to the work to be handled. Certification of companies with ISO 9000 showed significant relationship with sales a company make. Due to this, companies management are advised to adopt certification of ISO in their companies to enjoy financial benefits. Limitations and directions for the future research The outlined questions in the questionnaires in the data collection process was limited to financial performance of the certified companies with ISO 9000 but did not cover the management qualities. To better understand the quality improvement in the company management, future research should focus basically on the impacts of ISO certification to the company management quality. To meet this, it should be reflected right from the questions used to collect data. References Bernardo, M., Simon, A., Tar, J. J., Molina-Azorn, J. F. (2015). Benefits of management systems integration: a literature review.Journal of Cleaner Production,94, 260-267. Chatzoglou, P, Chatzoudes, D and Kipraios, N, The Impact of ISO 9000 certification on firms financial performance, International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 35(1), 145-174, (2015) Chow-Chua, C., Goh, M., Boon Wan, T. (2003). Does ISO 9000 certification improve business performance?.International Journal of Quality Reliability Management,20(8), 936-953. Ismyrlis,V and Moschidis, O, The effects of ISO 9001 certification on the performance of Greek companies, TQM journal, 27(1), 150-162, (2015) Franceschini, F., Galetto, M., Maisano, D., Mastrogiacomo, L. (2010). Clustering of European countries based on ISO 9000 certification diffusion.International Journal of Quality Reliability Management,27(5), 558-575. Hajian, S., Domingo-Ferrer, J. (2013). A psychology for direct and indirect discrimination prevention in data mining.IEEE transactions on knowledge and data engineering,25(7), 1445-1459. Palpacuer, F., Seignour, A., Vercher, C. (2011). Financialization, Globalization and the Management of Skilled Employees: Towards a Market?Based HRM Model in Large Corporations in France.British Journal of Industrial Relations,49(3), 560-582. Psomas, E. L., Kafetzopoulos, D. P., Fotopoulos, C. V. (2012). Developing and validating a measurement instrument of ISO 9001 effectiveness in food manufacturing SMEs.Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management,24(1), 52-77. Psosmas, E, pantouvakis, A and Kafetzopoulos, D, The Impact of ISO 9001 effectiveness on the performance of service companies, Managing service Quality, 23(2), 149-164, (2013) Lafuente, E., Bayo?Moriones, A., Garca?Cestona, M. (2010). ISO?9000 Certification and Ownership Structure: Effects upon Firm Performance.British Journal of Management,21(3), 649-665. Papadimitriou, A., Westerheijden, D. F. (2010). Adoption of ISO-oriented quality management system in Greek universities: reactions to isomorphic pressures.The TQM Journal,22(3), 229-241. Zaramdini, W. (2007). An empirical study of the motives and benefits of ISO 9000 certification: the UAE experience.International Journal of Quality Reliability Management,24(5), 472-491

Jihad And Jiala Essays - Jihad, Islam, , Term Papers

Jihad And Ji'ala Jihad and Ji'ala Recently Jihad has made national headlines. Most people don't know what that word means and what are the rules for declaring Jihad. Well, Jihad means holy war, which applies to Muslims. The idea of Jihad came about when Prophet Muhammad wanted to spread Islam. Jihad was first declared against the people of Mecca, who chased out the prophet and his followers and they had to escape to Medina. The take on Jihad was also used to expand the Muslim empire. Jihad can only be declared by an Imam (the leader of Islam) under certain conditions. Michael Bonner wrote a book titled Studies in the Jihad and the Arab-Byzantine Frontier. He talked about how Jihad had certain practice that was used in pre-Islamic Arabia, which was used in battles between the Arabs (Muslims) and the Byzantines. This paper is going to concentrate about Jihad and try to oppose his beliefs about how Jihad has pre-Islamic practices. The first thing that Michael Bonner talks about is Ja'l which means:wage or pay which one gives to a man that he may aid himself thereby to serve in the war (p.12) He also mentioned Ji'ala which also mean when a man is obligated to go to war and has another man take his place in exchange for a wage stipulated in advance. (p.12) Also known as a bribe. He applied those two activities to Islam, and how they were used in the basis of Jihad. To start out with, Jihad is for a free adult Muslim male, in a health shape and he must bring his own provisions, weapons, equipment and mount all out of his own wealth. Islam opposes having Muslim pay other Muslims to fulfill their obligation to go to war and get rewarded the same as for the person who actually went and fulfilled his religious obligation. Michael Bonner said in his book that Ji'ala was used before Islam, a time called Jahiliyya. He also mentioned that Islam opposed it by mentioning Abdallah bi Umar, who was the son of the caliph Umar I, in how when he was asked about Ji'ala he replied 'I don't accept bribes, except for the bribe which God offers me' (p.31), also another proof of opposition by the same person 'The man who stayed [at home] used to give a donation to the warrior. But for a man selling his won capacity for warfare, I don't know what that is' (p.30) From those two quotes on could surely see no relation between Jihad and Ji'ala since Ibn Umar was raised by an influential Muslim leader (caliph). Also the Qur'an (holy book in Islam) doesn't mention this kind of activity. The Qur'an mentions that a person could donate money or gifts to the men leaving for Jihad, but that person will not receive any service in return for what he donated. Ibn Umar used to do this. Also Michael Bonner tried to prove his point by talking about how several Hadiths, which means formally recorded saying of the prophet Muhammad and of those around him, passed down through a process of oral transmission, supplemented at some point by writing. (p.xii), by using quranic verses, and by also translating poems after the spread of Islam. First of all Hadiths can be interpreted differently by Muslim lawyers, for example Iraq and Medina had different interpretation about the Hadith of Companions. In addition, the Qur'an is the language of God, and some parts in the Qur'an, it's true meaning is still unclear, and different people have different interpretation. He used a quranic verse as a strong point to back up his point, but as mentioned above there are different interpretations. The prophet set certain conditions for jihad and it didn't mention Ji'ala at all. Finally, he mentions a poem written by a Muslim poet. Poems are completely irrelevant to prove a sensitive point, t hey are not mean to be used to prove a religious point, it's a form of art, and the Arabs back then were known for writing beautiful poems for the purpose of competing with other poets. So, these poems shouldn't be used to back up historical activities. In conclusion, for Michael Bonner to try to prove

Free Essays on White Supremacy

Hooks justifies her use of the term ‘white supremacy’ as opposed to ‘racist’ when describing the institutionalized oppression based on ‘race,’ stating, â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬Ëœwhite supremacy’ is a much more useful term for understanding the complicity of people of color in upholding and maintaining racial hierarchies that do not involve force†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hooks , 1995). She claims that ‘white supremacy’ is a better phrase than ‘internalized racism’ in describing the absorption by black people of negative attitudes typically held by white people about blackness. ‘White supremacy’ is also useful when referring to how black people are able to exercise ‘white supremacist control’ over one another. Hooks views the emphasis of the struggle against ‘white supremacy’ as helping to form coalitions among peoples of color as a catalyst of dismantling white supremacy, where peoples of color join together in support of that common cause. Early coalitions, generally disregarded in the broad view of history, established by enslaved Africans, free Africans, and Native Americans, helped to combat the Eurocentric stereotypes internalized by Native and African Americans. In attempting to include whites in such a coalition, it would be necessary for whites to give up any privileges granted them by the exercising of white supremacy, as well as necessary for the racially oppressed to â€Å"show the way† and â€Å"affirm or help in that endeavor† (Hooks, 1995). Hooks states: There must exist a paradigm, a practical model for social change that includes an understanding of ways to transform consciousness that are linked to efforts to transform structures†¦While it is important that individuals work to transform their consciousness, striving to be antiracist, it is important for us to remember that the struggle to end white supremacy is a struggle to change a system, a structure†¦For our efforts to†¦be truly effective, individual struggl... Free Essays on White Supremacy Free Essays on White Supremacy Hooks justifies her use of the term ‘white supremacy’ as opposed to ‘racist’ when describing the institutionalized oppression based on ‘race,’ stating, â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬Ëœwhite supremacy’ is a much more useful term for understanding the complicity of people of color in upholding and maintaining racial hierarchies that do not involve force†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hooks , 1995). She claims that ‘white supremacy’ is a better phrase than ‘internalized racism’ in describing the absorption by black people of negative attitudes typically held by white people about blackness. ‘White supremacy’ is also useful when referring to how black people are able to exercise ‘white supremacist control’ over one another. Hooks views the emphasis of the struggle against ‘white supremacy’ as helping to form coalitions among peoples of color as a catalyst of dismantling white supremacy, where peoples of color join together in support of that common cause. Early coalitions, generally disregarded in the broad view of history, established by enslaved Africans, free Africans, and Native Americans, helped to combat the Eurocentric stereotypes internalized by Native and African Americans. In attempting to include whites in such a coalition, it would be necessary for whites to give up any privileges granted them by the exercising of white supremacy, as well as necessary for the racially oppressed to â€Å"show the way† and â€Å"affirm or help in that endeavor† (Hooks, 1995). Hooks states: There must exist a paradigm, a practical model for social change that includes an understanding of ways to transform consciousness that are linked to efforts to transform structures†¦While it is important that individuals work to transform their consciousness, striving to be antiracist, it is important for us to remember that the struggle to end white supremacy is a struggle to change a system, a structure†¦For our efforts to†¦be truly effective, individual struggl...

Business proposal - Operations Plan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business proposal - Operations Plan - Term Paper Example The importance of operational planning is dependent on the nature of the business. A manufacturing business requires more attention towards the production facilities and operational issues as compared to a retail or service business which involves lesser operational complexity (Lasher, 2010; Ford, Bornstein & Pruitt, 2010; Gaspar, 2013; Maynard, 2012). Business operation Total Alignment is a mattress company who has planned to introduce a system of computerized automatic adjustable mattress named Total Alignment Sleep Mattress 4000 System. The company has entered into an agreement with Ethan Allen, who have agreed to sell the mattresses designed by Total Alignment for a percentage of sales cost. The organization will be using third party distribution channels that are located in Los Angeles. The mattresses are either shipped directly to the stores or to the customers. Thus, the mattresses will be manufactured by Total Alignment and the orders will be distributed by the third party ch annel. Ethan Allen will be selling those mattresses. Daily Operation Firstly, the manufacturing of the mattresses will take place in the manufacturing plant of the Total Alignment, in the presence of technical experts along with other unit members. Quality control team will also be there at the manufacturing plant. The team will be responsible to check each manufactured mattresses for technical failures and to provide approval to the desired quality. The differentiating feature of these mattresses is the technological singularity. So, care should be taken that this aspect of the product meets and retains the expectations. After the product passes the quality check, they are ready to be packed and stored the warehouse. The mattresses will be sold through Ethan Allen who on receiving an order for the mattress will inform the company warehouse. They in turn will immediately deliver the product either to Ethan Allen or directly to the customer. This depends upon the individual delivery dates of the ordered products. If they have an immediate requirement, then the products will be directly delivered to the customers. Otherwise, they will be delivered first to the store and later to the customer. The whole process will be implemented in a computerized manner so that errors are minimal. Figure 1: Operational Flow Source: (Author’s Creation) Planning for increased demand The product that Total Alignment is developing, promises to generate a huge demand amongst the customers because of its long lists of benefits such as, health related advantages, variation in size of the mattresses and lifetime warranty on maintenance and repair. If the customer response to these features is high, thereby leading to high demand, then the organization will be compelled to increase their production in order to cater to the rising demand of the customers. In order to increase the production, Total Alignment will need to increase their manpower along with installation of more equip ment. Increase in only any one of the factors will not lead to the desired outcome. Thus, both the factors must be increased in order to enhance the production. By increasing the number of equipments installed, one can increase the prod

Arab culture class Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Arab culture class - Research Paper Example laimed that women involved in the social service project had two significant reasons; engaging in such projects, where they would expand the horizons, gain practical knowledge and direct focus outwards. The other reason was that the projects would confront the perceptions towards women as objects of pleasure and people who need protection. The paper will focus on exploring the life of Huda Shaarawi; by identifying some of the events, she was involved, whereby leading to a significant impact to women in the society. Shaarawi was raised in harem system that was attributed to women isolation and obscurity, whereby the families with affluence were separated from the rest of the population in order to protect their women, and function as massagers of international issues. Moreover, the term harem referred to the rooms that women stayed, where they were separated from men, though the women, either poor or rich were against the obscurity, except for the peasants in the countryside. In addition, there were cultural traditions of harem system, which was followed by the Jewish, Christians and Muslim. Shaarawi established the Egyptian Feministic Union in 1923, it is still function in the present and they focus on various issues such as inclusion of womens suffrage and education (Shaarawi, 10). Moreover, Shaarawi worked enthusiastically against restriction of women in terms of dressing, and freedom movement that were key issues in harem system. She underwent evolution thought her life, under the influence of the inequalities that she withstood in life, education, during her marriage, and the dynamism in the world. In fact, there was the announcement of independence in Egypt, in 1922, whereby women were required to revert to their initial life in harem, when they were fighting for their freedom. Shaarawi focused on the elevating problems faced by the poor by establishing charitable activities of those who were wealthy, in terms of the contributions to education programs. In

Essay 1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 18

1 - Essay Example Le Roman de Silence is story told by an anonymous author from the 13th Century Medieval times. It is a story about a protagonist who is naturally a female, but is trained by his parents to act like a man. The main reason that her parents decide to raise silence as a boy is to retain their wealth for their daughter, because according to law of the day there was no inheritance right for the women. Therefore, Silence is made to learn the crafts of a ministerial, and develop skills that would lead her to knighthood (de Cornuà ¤lle & Thorpe, 1972). At the age of twelve, the time of puberty, Silence has to decide, whether she should stick to the choice of her parents or accept what the nature has made her. At this point in time she comes across Dame Nature and Dame Nurture (de Cornuà ¤lle & Thorpe, 1972). She decides to stick with the choice of her parents, and invest her energies in becoming a respected male figure. Society is an important determinant in the development of human personality. Like nature it applies certain selection pressures that transform, rather modify the way a person thinks and make decisions. The involvement of social pressure is quite evident in the case of Silence’s choice to be a man (Bloch, 81-99). Assigning gender roles is an important element in inducing specific mentality into individuals belonging to a particular gender. There are several characteristics in males that are either different or completely absent in the females. For instance men are impatient, while women have patience; men are less emotional compared to women; Men are more aggressive than women, and so on and so forth. Silence is shown to be overwhelmed by the masculine characteristics that she gives up on her biology, and pretends to spend her days like a man. Apart from the natural differences between the two genders, there are several artificial features that are used as clichà © to separat e the two genders. Application of gender roles is nothing

Japan and South Korea Economic Developments

Japan and South Korea Economic Developments Japan and South Korea within several decades made their way from being destroyed by the war and poverty-ridden to industrialized, highly developed and quite rich countries. At first glance, it seems that stories of Japanese and Korean miraculous transformation are rather similar to each other. Both counties faced similar problems and challenges in the beginning of their growth path. Moreover, both Japan and South Korea received strong growth incentives from abroad. Thus, foundations of Japan’s growth were laid during the American Occupation period, whereas South Korea after the Second World War was also occupied by the American forces and received huge financial support from the United States. But were their ways of economic development actually alike and to what extent? So, let us look closer and try to answer this question. Many scholars agree that Japan’s and South Korea’s outstanding economic performance was a result of strong government policies and efficient reforms. The countries’ approaches to economic development appear to be similar in several aspects. One of the most obvious common features is interventionist policies. In Japan, the MITI shaped industrial policies, while also consulting with private actors and guiding them to the â€Å"right† direction. South Korean government also applied direct intervention in economic system by controlling prices and taking part in decision-making process of private actors. Government guidance and supervision over economic processes significantly contributed to the Japan’s and Korea’s outstanding economic performance. Comparing the main government economic development policies, several parallels can be drawn here. In both cases, high and rapid economic growth was achieved through intensive industrialization and export promotion. Japanese and Korean government counted primarily on development of heavy and chemical industry sectors as the main driving force of development. The key industries were provided assistance and various benefits, including loans, subsidies, and tax privileges, etc. At the same time, investment was strongly promoted. The success of industrialization and export-promotion policies owes to several specific policy instruments and approaches, which were effectively used both by Japanese and Korean governments. Among the most important are mobilization and allocation of capital, adoption of foreign technologies, cooperation with business conglomerates, and restriction of imports. The success of industrialization and export-promotion policies was closely linked to the efficient mobilization and allocation of capital by managing savings and investments. The Japanese and South Korean governments were particularly effective in promoting domestic saving of financial institutions, enterprises, and households by means of monetary policy instruments. Likewise, they also succeeded in channeling these funds as capital investments to industrial production (and also services sector later). The factors of production were moved from low-productivity sectors to more productive ones (Pilat 1993). While conducting industrialization and promoting export, Japanese and Korean governments paid special attention to importing foreign technologies. Investments and loans were provided ‘selectively to those firms capable of adapting and improving imported technology’ (Odagiri Goto 1993). Successful adoption of foreign technologies became a basis for modernization of Japanese and Korean industry and increased competitiveness of their goods on the international market. Within the framework of industrialization and export encouragement policies, Japanese and Korean governments maintained close relations with big business. Similarly, due to historical and cultural tradition, Japanese as well as Korean business is dominated by the large conglomerates. This tendency has become apparent in Japan since the 19th century. Although zaibatsu were dissolved by the Occupation government in the late 1940s, business conglomerates reemerged later as keiretsu. The Korean analogue known as chaebols appeared the second half of the 20th century. The rise of keiretsu and chaebols was both a consequence of state policies of industrialization and export-promotion as well as its main force. Industry and big business benefited from this policy receiving strong support from the government, which led to the growth of business conglomerates. Rise of conglomerates, in its turn, resulted into increase of industrial production and growing competitiveness of Japanese products on the international market. Thus, cooperation between government and big business conglomerates reinforced industrialization and stimulated exports, which, undoubtedly, played a significant role in economic growth in Japan and South Korea (Ohno 2006; Shin 2003). Another common feature of Japanese and Korean governments’ approaches to export promotion is trade policies, which played a significant role in economic progress in both cases. At the initial stage, governments were promoting protectionist policies. Various import restrictions, such as tariffs, quotas, and other, were imposed in order to protect domestic producers from international competition. While import was restricted, export was intensively stimulated. The combination of these policies proved to be very effective in stimulating economic growth. Foreign capital as an instrument of industrialization and of increasing exports was used both by Japan and Korea. However, the role assigned to foreign funds and their contribution appeared to be considerably different in each case. Thus, in Japan foreign direct investment was restricted from considerations of being unhealthy for Japanese economy. Foreign borrowing was practiced by Japanese government, but in moderate size. Japan mostly relied on domestic capital for financing investment, while foreign loans constituted less than 1% of the total amount. Meanwhile, in South Korean case, domestic capital could not cover the need for investment, so, to a greater extent, it was financed from foreign loans (which, interestingly, were borrowed mostly from Japan). Foreign direct investment was also strongly promoted by Korean government and supported by special legislation. Moreover, in contrast to Japanese approach, one of the main sources of financing investment in Korea was direct state investments and various state loan programs, which also constituted a considerable share in total investment (Shin 2003). Thus, both Japanese and Korean governments focused on export-promotion as a main driving force of economic development. Apparently, in both cases this policy was implemented in a quite similar way. However, there was one important difference. While promoting export, Japanese government also paid attention to domestic market and stimulated domestic consumption. In that way, newly produced consumer electronics such as TVs, refrigerators, washing machines, and cars went to domestic market in the first place, and only then for export. Thus, domestic consumption became one the main drivers of growth together with export. On the other hand, Korean approach was based on export-first principle. According to this policy, ‘Korean firms were marketing their products in overseas markets rather than in domestic markets’, while many of consumer goods were inaccessible for Koreans and sometimes even prohibited to sale. For instance, color TVs were admitted to domestic market only in 19 80 (Harvie Lee 2003). The government economic development policies in Japan and South Korea were framed into economic plans. Economic planning became an important instrument in supervising economic processes and implementing policies of industrialization and export-promotion. Being used reasonably, planning played a significant role in achieving economic growth. The plans did not take a form of strict programs like in central planning economies, but served as indicators for the further development and informed the public about the government expectations for the future. Economic growth in Japan was accompanied by the several economic plans. The plans usually included the medium-run scenario of development, stated the goals and priorities of the policy, and, finally, indicated the possible line of action for the private sector. The first one – the Economic Self-Reliance Five-Year Plan was adopted in 1955. It was followed by the Doubling National Income Plan in 1960, which became the most efficient one. Aiming at doubling national income, the plan was put into practice even more successfully than it was expected. The 1970s were also marked by several economic plans; each of them was designed accordingly to the situation to address current problems. The Economic and Social Development Plan of 1967-1971 and the New Economic and Social Development Plan of 1970-1975 were focused on the problems that appeared as a consequence of the rapid economic progress and emphasized balancing economic development. Further, the Economic and Social Basic Plan, wh ich was dealing with the development of Japan internationally and welfare of society, was in force between 1973 and 1977. The first oil crisis brought changes to the Japan’s government economic policies, so the Economic Plan for the Second Half of the 1970’s introduced for the period of 1976-1980 promoted initiatives for energy-saving (Otsubo 2007). Likewise, in South Korea, economic planning was an essential element of government developmental policies. Economic plans were developed by the special agency, The Economic Planning Board, established in 1961. Altogether, seven five-year economic development plans were implemented during the economic miracle period of 1960s-1990s. Plans were establishing targets of various macroeconomic indicators, such as rate of growth, rates of investment and saving as a share of GNP, as well as exports and imports targets. The general direction of development and goals to achieve were indicated in the plans. Plans also included the development strategies. Generally, Korean economic development plans paid special attention to industrialization and exports as the main factors of economic growth. At the initial stage, emphasis was put on promotion of light industries development and import substitution, whereas later, focus shifted to heavy and chemical sector, and also exports expansion. In the las t three plans the course was taken on gradual easing of government control and liberalization of trade (The Federation of Korean Industries 1987). Although the government policies and reforms clearly made the greatest contribution to the Japan’s and South Korea’s economic growth, it is worth to mention one more important factor, without which economic miracle would not, probably, happen at all. This refers to the cultural peculiarities of the Japanese and Koreans. Japan and South Korea are both East Asian countries with strong collectivist culture influenced by Confucianism. Being the two basic cultural features, Confucian tradition and collectivism create a unique and favorable environment for economic development. Confucianism as an official ideology was dominating in East Asian countries from the end of the 13th century. By the end of the 19th century its influence became weak and limited, and today Confucianism does not exist in its original understanding as the social and political system. Nevertheless, Confucian ethics and values still remain relevant in the modern East Asian societies. The value system alon g with the social structure in Japan and Korea are strongly influenced by the Confucian tradition, which is quite evident in everyday life. Primarily, the Confucian teaching stressed the humaneness and the harmonious relations between the people. In practice, this principle means the respect to the authorities, to parents, to elder people, placing collective interests prior to the personal, and taking care of other members of the group. The dominance of the Confucian system of values contributed to the formation of the strong collectivist culture in East Asian countries, in contrast to the Western European individualism. The importance of nation, society, community and family over the individual has become the main feature of East Asian cultures, Japanese and Korean particularly. Obviously, such attitude of Koreans and Japanese to the collective interests and their strong feeling of responsibility before the community are among the main factors that contributed to the prosperity of these nations. Generally, owing to these national traits, East Asia has become the most dynamically developing region, growing stronger and gaining more influence on the international arena over the last decades (Hang 2011). To conclude, Japan and Korea came to the economic miracle in quite a similar way. Despite the deep economic crises and social and political instability brought by the wars, Japan and South Korea successfully transformed into economically advanced countries within several decades, which are quite rare cases in world history. Although sometimes different in details, Japanese and Korean approaches, generally, coincide in many aspects. Economic development in both cases was led by intensive industrialization and export-promotion implemented through the system of administrative guidance and economic planning. Consequently, it appears that this particular combination of instruments against a background of East Asian cultural tradition led to such outstanding results and created economic miracle in Japan and South Korea. Conclusion In the second half of 20th century, Japan and South Korea presented to the world two notable cases of remarkable economic transformation known as economic miracle. Many scholars agree that much of a credit for their success belongs to the government policies. This thesis has been a study of the mechanism of Japanese and Korean economic miracles in the context of government policies in historical perspective. The first goal of this research was to find out what were the fundamental policies that contributed to their economic miracles. And secondly, it aimed to determine if Japanese and Korean approaches were similar. It was supposed that economic development strategies of Japanese and Korean government were partly similar, while based primarily on policies of industrialization and export-promotion. At the beginning of their path, Japan and South Korea were heavily affected by the war and, as a consequence, plunged into the deep social and economic crises. To recover their economies, countries’ governments undertook quite similar approaches. Primarily, their development patterns were characterized by government intervention into the market processes through administrative guidance and with the help of economic plans. While not going to extremes, Japanese and Korean approach allowed avoiding both deregulation of the free-market system and over-regulation of central planning. The policy of reasonable, balanced and appropriate intervention into economy proved to be very effective in Japanese and Korean cases (Liu 2012). Economic development policies emphasized intensive industrialization and promotion of export as the basis of economic growth. The industrialization and exports were stimulated by means of effective mobilization and allocation of domestic and foreign capital, import of foreign technologies, maintaining strong relations with business conglomerates, and also restriction of imports. Noteworthy, the success of this particular development strategy in both Japan and South Korea was not accidental, but owes to the East Asian cultural background based on Confucian and collectivist tradition. Similarly to Japanese and Korean experience, other East Asian countries, including Singapore and Taiwan, also managed to achieve high economic growth within quite a short period of time through this scheme. The examples of Japan, South Korea, and other countries of East Asian region that reached high growth allow assuming that this approach forms the basis of so-called East Asian model of economic growth. To conclude, during the last 25 years Japanese economy recorded average growth rate of around 1.3% annually. Certainly, this figure can not be compared with the high growth of the 1960s. However, against a background of the world trend towards economic decline, this rate does not look that bad and is in line with growth rates of other developed countries. In spite of slow growth, Japan still remains one of the largest economies in the world. Moreover, official statistics showing economic decline do not reflect actual Japan’s reality. Japan is a highly developed and rich country with one of the highest standard of living. On the other hand, South Korea is one of the most rapidly developing countries being the 15th largest economy in the world. Korea is known as one of the Asian Tigers together with Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong. Over the last several years, its economy has been growing at a stable rate of around 3% per annum. Korea and Japan together are among the world lead ers of technological innovation (Blaauw 2014; Dadush 2014). Much of the present economic attainments of Japan and South Korea can be traced to their economic miracles of the second half of 20th century. Despite some recent and current difficulties, Japan’s and Korea’s history demonstrates their great potential, so it is to be believed that even better achievements are yet to come.